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the Supreme Court.18 Both sides missed the essential point.19 Self-execution is important insofar as it increases the likelihood that a treaty will

114. See Luther v. Borden, 48 U.S. 1, 41 (1849); Rucho v. Common Cause, 588 U.S. 684, 717-18 (2019). 115. See discussion infra Section III.B. 116

The Constitutionality of Civil Forfeiture

forfeitures incurred thereunder “may be sued for . . . by bill, plaint, or information.” Act of Jan. 18, 1815, ch. 22, § 21, 3 Stat. 180, 185-186; Act of

- Ablavsky

CONSTITUTIONS: DEFIANT VISIONS OF POWER AND COMMUNITY 18-48 (2014). 326. Id. at 46. 327. Id. at 37. empire states 1853 proposals to divide

- 1068

PA. CONST. of 1838, art. II, § 8. 121. See, e.g., Shattuck v. Woods, 18 Mass. 171, 177 (1822) (observing that a fee may be “inadequate

Forum: Gender-Identity Protection, Trade, and the Trump Administration: A Tale of Reluctant Progressivism

; Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement art. 18.1(1), U.S.-Aus., May 18, 2004, 118 Stat. 919; Chile-United States Free Trade Agreement annex 18.5

- Manes Macroed for MHT

50 U.S.C. §§ 1872-1874 (2012) and 18 U.S.C. §§ 2280-2281, 2332 (2012)). 11. See USA FREEDOM Act §§ 101-107, 129 Stat. 269-74; In re Application of

- 392.Colby.479

YALE L.J. 1875, 1884 (1992). 392.COLBY.479.DOC 12/22/2008 1:18:43 PM clearing the smoke from philip morris v. williams 471 offensive acts.”349

- 21.Bulman-Pozen_FINAL

entities about the impact of federal regulation on the states.18 On this view, the expansion of federal administrative authority need not be a